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BACKGROUND: The accelerated aging trend brought great chronic diseases burdens. Disabled Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) is a novel way to measure the chronic diseases burden. This study aimed to explore the cohort, socioeconomic status (SES), and gender disparities of the DALYs trajectories. METHODS: A total of 15,062 participants (55,740 observations) comes from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) from 2011 to 2018. Mixed growth curve model was adopted to predict the DALYS trajectories in 45–90 years old people influenced by different birth cohorts and SES. RESULTS: We find significant cohort, SES (resident place, education level and income) disparities differences in the chronic diseases DALYs. For individuals of earlier cohort, DALYs are developed in a late age but grow fast with age but reversed for most recent cohorts. Living in urban, having higher SES level will decrease the growth rate with age, but converges for most recent cohorts. Meanwhile, DALYs disparities of resident place and education level show gender differentials that those for female are narrowed across cohort but for male are not. CONCLUSIONS: The cohort effects on chronic diseases DALYs are accumulated with China's unique social, and political settings. There are large inequalities in early experiences, SES and DALYs. Efforts of reducing these inequalities must focus on the lower SES individuals and those living in rural areas, which greatly benefit individuals from recent cohorts. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12939-021-01517-z.

Cover -- Title -- About The Authors -- Abstract -- Content -- Chapter 1The Practical Implications of the NewNormal Economy -- Chapter 2Every Country Has Its Own NewNormal -- Chapter 3China's New Normal, Theory ofDevelopmental Stages, and TheShrinking or Vanishing of GrowthDividends -- I. The origin of economic growth dividends -- II. Transformation of development stages and deepening of reformscauses the eight growth dividends to shrink or vanish -- Chapter 4Distinguishing Between Normality, Abnormality and the New Normal -- I. Normality -- II. Abnormality